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معسكر مساند
معسكر معين
🗃️ Recall
Cornell Notes: Antidepressants
🌟 Cues
- Depression & Mania Symptoms
- Monoamine Hypothesis
- Types of Antidepressants
- Mechanism of Antidepressants
- Adverse Effects
- Treatment for Bipolar Disorder
🗒 Notes
- Depression: Characterized by sadness, hopelessness, loss of interest in activities, fatigue, changes in sleep and appetite, and sometimes suicidal thoughts.
- Mania: Involves enthusiasm, rapid thoughts, anger, impaired judgment, and extreme self-confidence.
- Diagnosis: Requires at least 5 of 9 specific symptoms, including depressed mood, weight change, sleep disturbances, fatigue, guilt, concentration problems, and suicidal thoughts.
- Monoamine Hypothesis: Depression is linked to a deficiency in norepinephrine or serotonin in the brain.
- Genetics and Neurotrophic Hypothesis: Depression may also result from genetic factors or decreased brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) in the hippocampus.
- Types of Antidepressants:
- SSRIs (e.g., fluoxetine, sertraline) – Block serotonin reuptake, fewer side effects than older drugs.
- SNRIs (e.g., venlafaxine) – Block serotonin and norepinephrine reuptake.
- Atypical Antidepressants – Mixed group with various mechanisms, e.g., bupropion, mirtazapine.
- TCAs – Block norepinephrine and serotonin reuptake, e.g., amitriptyline.
- MAOs – Inhibit breakdown of neurotransmitters, severe dietary restrictions required.
- Mechanism: Antidepressants increase serotonin or norepinephrine activity in the brain, but therapeutic effects take weeks to manifest.
- Adverse Effects: SSRIs are generally safer but can cause sleep disturbances, sexual dysfunction, and discontinuation syndrome. TCAs and MAOs have more severe side effects like hypotension and drug-food interactions.
- Bipolar Treatment: Lithium salts are effective in managing mania, but have a low therapeutic index and can be toxic. Antiepileptic drugs (e.g., valproic acid) are also used.
📝 Summary
Antidepressants are crucial for treating mood disorders like depression and bipolar disorder. Depression involves persistent sadness, while mania represents extreme euphoria and impulsiveness. The treatment is based on hypotheses like the monoamine theory, which links depression to neurotransmitter deficiencies. Antidepressants work by increasing neurotransmitter levels but often take weeks to show effects. There are several classes of antidepressants, including SSRIs, SNRIs, TCAs, and MAOs, each with different side effects. Bipolar disorder is often managed with lithium, though it requires careful monitoring due to its toxicity.This quiz is for logged in users only.
