Depression

🌟 Cues

• Definition of Depression
• Symptoms of Depression (Behaviors, Thoughts, Feelings, Physical Symptoms)
• Diagnostic Criteria (DSM-5)
• Main Causes (Psychosocial and Biological)
• Management of Depression

🗒 Notes

Definition: Depression is a state of low mood that negatively affects thoughts, behavior, feelings, and physical well-being. It may not always be a psychiatric disorder, as it can be a normal reaction to life events or a symptom of other medical conditions (e.g., hypothyroidism, post-stroke).

Symptoms:

• Behaviors: Withdrawal from family/friends, reliance on substances, stopped enjoying activities.
• Thoughts: “I’m a failure,” “Nothing good happens,” “Life isn’t worth living.”
• Feelings: Overwhelmed, unhappy, irritable, guilty, sad.
• Physical: Constant fatigue, headaches, insomnia, weight changes.

Diagnostic Criteria (DSM-5): Requires 5 or more symptoms present for 2 weeks, including depressed mood and loss of interest. Must cause significant distress or impairment, not attributed to substances or medical conditions.

Main Causes:

• Psychosocial: Abuse, personal conflicts, loss of loved ones, major life events.
• Biological: Genetics, neurotransmitter dysfunction (noradrenaline, serotonin, dopamine), stress hormones, decreased brain activity.

Management:

• Mild: No medication needed, support groups, exercise.
• Moderate to Severe: Antidepressants (SSRIs, SNRIs, TCAs), psychotherapy (CBT).
• Other interventions: ECT, neurosurgery, spiritual practices, nutrition, exercise, social support.

📝 Summary

Depression is a complex condition that affects multiple areas of life. It can be caused by a combination of psychosocial and biological factors. Treatment options range from lifestyle changes and therapy to medications and advanced interventions. Early diagnosis and a holistic approach to management are crucial for improving outcomes.