What percentage of total body oxygen consumption is used by the brain?
10%
20%
25%
15%
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How long does it take for irreversible cerebral changes to occur when cerebral blood flow is blocked?
2-3 minutes
1 minute
10 minutes
3-5 minutes
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What is the primary energy fuel for the brain?
Glucose
Keton bodies
Lactate
Fatty acids
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What percentage of total blood glucose is utilized by the brain?
25%
20%
15%
10%
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How does glucose enter the brain?
Keton transporters
Insulin-dependent carrier
Insulin-insensitive carrier
Fatty acid transporters
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What percentage of brain energy is provided by glycolysis?
50%
10-20%
30-40%
5-10%
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Which of the following amino acids is NOT involved in neurotransmitter synthesis?
Serine
Aspartate
Glutamate
GABA
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Which condition results from hypoglycemia?
Dehydration
Seizures
Memory loss
Hyperactivity
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Which neurotransmitter is classified as excitatory?
Glycine
Glutamate
Serotonin
GABA
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Which neurotransmitter is inhibitory?
Glutamate
Dopamine
GABA
Acetylcholine
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How is GABA removed from the synaptic cleft?
Reuptake by glial cells
Converted into glucose
Broken down by acetylcholinesterase
Diffusion into blood
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What disease is associated with the degeneration of dopamine neurons?
Schizophrenia
Multiple sclerosis
Alzheimer's disease
Parkinson's disease
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Which neurotransmitter is derived from tyrosine?
Acetylcholine
GABA
Serotonin
Dopamine
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What is the function of norepinephrine in the brain?
Controls movement
Induces sleep
Enhances vision
Modulates mood and memory
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Which lipid is the main component of myelin?
Steroid hormones
Cholesterol
Triglycerides
Phospholipids
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Which fatty acids can cross the blood-brain barrier?
Essential fatty acids
Monounsaturated
Saturated
Non-essential
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Multiple sclerosis involves:
Demyelination of CNS neurons
Hyperactivity of neurons
Increased synapse formation
Overproduction of neurotransmitters
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What enzyme activity increases during active demyelination in multiple sclerosis?
Pyruvate kinase
Enolase
Lactate dehydrogenase
Na/K ATPase
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Which metabolic pathway is impaired in multiple sclerosis?
Glycolysis
ETC complex I, III, IV
Protein synthesis
Fatty acid metabolism
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What molecule decreases due to ammonia toxicity in the brain?
Acetylcholine
Glutamate
Aspartate
Glucose
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What neurotransmitter is synthesized from tryptophan?
Acetylcholine
Serotonin
GABA
Dopamine
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What is the result of hyperammonemia on the brain?
Faster glycolysis
Decreased ATP and glutamate levels
Enhanced nerve conduction
Increased neurotransmitter production
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Which neurotransmitter's malfunction is linked to schizophrenia?
Serotonin
Acetylcholine
GABA
Dopamine
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How does acetylcholine get broken down in the synaptic cleft?
Acetylcholinesterase
Converted into serotonin
Reuptake by neurons
Diffuses into blood
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Which neurotransmitter is associated with anxiety reduction?
GABA
Glutamate
Serotonin
Dopamine
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What is a major clinical symptom of early hypoglycemia?
Sweating
Lethargy
Seizures
Coma
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What process is affected by glutamate in neurons?
Calcium transport
ATP synthesis
Protein degradation
Formation of cAMP
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Which neurotransmitter is the main excitatory neurotransmitter in the CNS?
Glycine
Dopamine
GABA
Glutamate
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In cases of multiple sclerosis, which part of the neuron is primarily affected?
Synapse
Axon
Dendrites
Myelin sheath
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